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Men At Arms

The Army of Herod the Great Men-at-Arms 443: Herod was Rome's most important and powerful ally at the end of the Republic. Although he has entered posterity as a ruthless ruler not only against his own family but also, according to the gospel of Matthew, as the instigator of the slaughter of the innocents. However, he was also an able administrator who developed a powerful army. At it's peak Herod's army could field approximately 40,000 men. Comprised of both Judaean and mercenary soldiers with troops from the Germanic tribes to Parthians to Romans. As a result of this varied composition it showed both strong Hellenistic influence in its armour and cavalry and Roman influence in its use of heavy infantry making it an intriguing topic for military history enthusiasts. This book will be a fascinating look at the ancient army of Herod the Great which will use the latest Israeli archaeological reports and finds, including weapons and armour fragments.

Imperial Roman Naval Forces 31 BC AD 500 Men-at-Arms 451: The Roman Navy, although somewhat overshadowed by the legions, played an important role for the Roman Empire. For the Army to conquer and rule its vast territories, control of the sea lanes was essential. The navy fleets needed to be structured and powerful in order to dominate the trade routes, transport legions and defend and attack against pirates and other enemies. Under Augustus in 31BC, the navy consisted of 800 warships with many being sent to Ravenna and Misenus in Italy, and smaller squadrons to the external coasts and to the major rivers to support land operations. This book provides a detailed re-evaluation of the vital contribution made by the Roman navy to Roman imperial power, covering the organisation of the fleets and the everyday life of the soldiers Previously unpublished research is complemented by superb colour reconstructions of the uniforms and equipment, making this a central resource on a neglected piece of ancient history.

Mounted Grenadiers of the Imperial Guard Men-at-Arms 456: Mounted upon their huge black horses, the Mounted Grenadiers of the Imperial Guard were the senior heavy cavalry unit of the French army and were never defeated in battle. Their long list of battle honours earned them the nicknames 'the Giants' and 'the Gods'. In this latest addition to the Osprey mini-series on the Imperial Guard, author Ronald Pawly tells the story of this famous unit using unparalleled documentary and pictorial sources. Along with detailed artwork depicting the unit's colourful uniforms, this book gives a history of the unit's organization and record drawn from original letters, orders, and inspection reports that still survive in the Paris Archives. Interspersed are the stories of some of the individuals that served in the Mounted Grenadiers and helped to make it one of the most storied units to have served in Napoleon's army.

Armies of the East India Company 1750 1850 Men-at-Arms 453 Contrary to popular belief, the capture of India was not accomplished by the British Army, but by the private armies of the East India Company, which grew in size to become larger than that of any European sovereign state. This is the history of its army, examining the many conflicts they fought, their equipment and training, with its regiments of horse, foot and guns, which rivalled those of most European powers. The development of their uniforms, which combined traditional Indian and British dress, is illustrated in detail in this colourful account of the private band of adventurers that successfully captured the jewel of the British Empire

The Seminole Wars 1818 58 Men-at-Arms 454 The Seminole of Florida were one of five so-called 'Civilized Tribes' who for many years lived in peace with the settlers. However, by 1815, frontier Americans had grown increasingly envious of their relative wealth and land, and resentful of their harbouring of former slaves. This book reveals the dramatic stories behind the ensuing Seminole wars, examining the dogged resistance displayed by the Seminole as they endured three drawn-out campaigns. Illustrated with careful reconstructions of the colourful and varied clothing and uniforms worn by both sides, the author discusses the organization and history of a tribe that refused to give in, until the sheer weight of the opposing forces ultimately led to their defeat.

The Belgian Army in World War I Men-at-Arms 452: While small in numbers, the Belgian Army played a vital role in World War 1 that is often overlooked. Germany's invasion of neutral Belgium, which led Britain to declare war in August 1914, should have been swift and fierce yet the unexpected heroic defence, against great odds, of Belgian fortresses, frustrated the German Schlieffen Plan for a thrust to Paris and a lightning victory. The plucky Belgian resistance proved successful in buying time for French and British troops to mobilize and report to the front, where the Belgians would then go on to fight, stubbornly defending the northern end of the Allied trench line for the rest of the war. Discover the story of this determined Army, from their organization and commanders, to their uniforms and equipment. The only main combatant army of World War I not previously covered by Osprey, this volume will be an important addition to any enthusiast's collection, accompanied by detailed artwork and archive photographs.

US Armed Forces in China 1856 1941 Men-at-Arms 455: This volume reveals the little-known story of the 90-year presence of American forces in China until the fall of Peking in 1941. Included is coverage of the first operations on the Pearl River in 1856 as well as US involvement in the Boxer Rebellion of 1900. As China entered a chaotic period in her history, known as the years of the "Warlords", American marines also participated in numerous small-scale amphibious landings. Finally, during the later Sino-Japanese War and early into World War II, US volunteers of the "Flying Tigers" became renowned for their combat missions in support of Chinese Nationalist forces, and their aerial duels are also recounted by the author John P. Langellier, who has spent several years researching the subject in the US and China. Discover the history of these various actions and the different services involved, recreated in color artwork and illustrated with rare, previously unpublished photographs.

The Royal Hungarian Army in World War II maa449: The Royal Hungarian Army was Germany's largest ally on the Eastern Front, but information about the Hungarian Army in English is rare. Deployed in Ukraine at the beginning of the war, the Hungarian Army was involved in a number of brutal encounters with the Red Army, including stubborn resistance in Transylvania in the summer of 1944, and the brave defense of Budapest in the face of overwhelming odds. The Hungarian Army was a varied and colourful force, ranging from mountain troops and tank units to horse cavalry and specialist infantry. All of these are illustrated in full-colour artwork, with full details about the Hungarian Army's own, quite distinct uniforms and insignia as well as many of its own weapons and tanks. This is an essential starter resource for wargamers, modelers, re-enactors and military historians

American Loyalist Troops 1775 84 Men-at-Arms 450: To celebrate the 450th title in the Men-at-Arms series, this book examines in much more depth than previously the units and the uniforms of a still-controversial army: the many thousands of American colonists who chose to fight for King George during the Revolution. As well as the better-known corps from the Atlantic seaboard, the author covers the units raised for service against the Spanish in the Floridas, the Caribbean islands and Central America. The text is illustrated with portraits, photographs of rare surviving artefacts, and with color reconstructions by Gerry Embleton, the respected expert on 18th century American forces whose work was recently exhibited in the Smithsonian Institute

Irish-American Units in the Civil War Men-at-Arms 448: Some 150,000 Irish-American immigrants served in the Union Army, most of them from Boston, New York and Chicago, and about 40,000 fought in the Confederate Army. Out of the array of Irish-American units involved in the conflict, perhaps the best known was the Irish Brigade of the Union Army of the Potomac, which distinguished itself at both Antietam and, particularly, at Fredericksburg, where its sacrificial bravery astonished friend and foe alike. Other famous regiments were New York's 'Fighting 69th', the 9th Massachusetts, 116th Pennsylvania, 23rd Illinois and 35^th Indiana whilst several other Irish companies made a name for themselves at Shiloh, Chickamauga and other key battles. This book provides a brief overview of the history of the units on each side of the conflict and a comprehensive survey of all Irish-American units in both Union and Confederate armies, from brigade down to company size. Rare early photographs are a poignant addition to the story of the immigrants caught up in a vicious civil war, and detailed colour plates illustrate unit distinctions and flags in a book that is essential reading for any Civil War enthusiast.

The Confederate Army 1861-65 (6) Missouri, Kentucky & Maryland (Men-at-Arms 446): The Southern states which formed the Confederacy in 1861 fielded many units of volunteer troops wearing a remarkably wide variety of uniforms, often reflecting foreign influences. In a spirit of independence many states also issued their own uniform regulations on the outbreak of the American Civil War; and these non-standard uniforms were often retained until well into the course of the war. The regulation patterns centrally prescribed by the Confederate Army were only ever followed unevenly, and state quartermasters continued to issue uniforms showing regional and state differences. This last in a series of six titles studies the archival and pictorial evidence for the infantry, cavalry and artillery of the final states to secede from the Union - Missouri, Kentucky and Maryland - and is illustrated with fascinating early photographic portraits

Medieval Polish Armies 966-1500 (Men-at-Arms 445): The history of Poland is a fascinating story of a people struggling to achieve nationhood in the face of internal and external conflict. Poland became a unified Christian state in AD 966 and by the 12th century a knightly class had emerged - a force that was integral to the defence of Poland against increasingly frequent foreign invasions. Intent on crushing rival Christian states, the Templars, Hospitallers and Teutonic Knights all mounted attacks but were beaten back by the Poles, as were invading Mongols and Turks. This book reveals the organisation, equipment and battle histories of the medieval Polish armies as they developed and modernised to emerge as one of the dominant powers of Eastern Europe.

Napoleon's Mounted Chasseurs of the Imperial Guard. Men-at-Arms 444; Pawly. A concise history of the hand-picked elite cavalry guard that served as Napoleon's close personal escort and were committed to the most dangerous areas of combat on the battlefield. Formed from his original escort of 'Guides' and the 'Consular Guard' in 1799, the Mounted Chasseurs were a personal favorite of the Emperor, who wore their uniform on campaign. Uncovers unprecedented detail about this exceptional unit and its men. Recreates their colorful uniforms and accounts of their actions in the most critical Napoleonic battles; 48 pages.

The Confederate Army 1861-65 (5) Tennessee & North Carolina (Men-at-Arms 441): The common image of the Confederate Army during the Civil War is dominated by a limited number of early photographs of troops wearing the gray and butternut of the CS regulations and quartermaster issues. By contrast, this book examines the variety of uniforms worn by the Tennessee and North Carolina militia and volunteers brought together in the Confederate field armies, and the continuing efforts to clothe them as wear-and-tear gradually reduced this wide range of uniforms. A mass of information from contemporary documents is illustrated with rare early photographs and meticulous color reconstructions.

Queen Victoria's Highlanders (Men-at-Arms 442): In 2006 the title 'Highlanders' finally disappeared from the British Army's list of infantry regiments after nearly 270 years. Throughout this period Scottish Highland units distinguished themselves in battle, but it was in the 19th-century heyday of the British Empire that they acquired an elite reputation and their colourful uniforms evolved to their full complexity. This book traces and explains the identity and appearance of the individual regiments throughout Queen Victoria's reign, illustrating a wide variety of their home service uniforms with engravings, paintings, photographs, and full colour plates specially researched and prepared for this tribute to a unique military tradition.

Napoleon's Polish Lancers of the Imperial Guard (Men-at-Arms 440): In the summer of 1806, after a brief pause in hostilities, it became clear that the fragile peace in continental Europe could not last for long. The previous year, in April 1805, the Third Coalition had been formed to fight Napoleon's expansionist French Empire; this alliance had comprised Britain, Austria, Russia, Sweden and some minor German states, but Prussia still stood aloof and neutral. However, on 3 November, as war already raged in Austria and in Italy, King Frederick William III of Prussia at last agreed to co-operate with the Allied powers. Under the terms of this secret Treaty of Potsdam with Tsar Alexander I of Russia, Prussia undertook to demand from France, as the price of continuing peace, terms based on the 1801 Treaty of Luneville between France and Austria; if these were refused (as they would be), Prussia would join the Third Coalition with an army of 180,000 men.

The Canadian Corps in World War I (Men-at-Arms 439):This book describes the organization, lists the units and illustrates the uniforms and equipment of the four Canadian divisions which earned an elite reputation on the Western Front in 1915-18. Canada's 600,000 troops - of whom more than 66,000 died and nearly 150,000 were wounded - represented an extraordinary contribution to the British Empire's struggle. On grim battlefields from the Ypres Salient to the Somme, and from their stunning victory at Vimy Ridge to the final triumphant 'Hundred Days' advance of autumn 1918, Canada's soldiers proved themselves to be a remarkable army in their own right, founding a national tradition

US Infantry in the Indian Wars 1865-91 (Men-at-Arms 438): 1866, where the infantry of the most renowned Indian-fighting general, George Cook, excelled in battle, together with the role of other infantry units in the final subjugation of Geronimo's Apaches in 1886, are but two instances of their achievements. Featuring their involvement in the legendary battles of Wounded Knee and Wolf Mountains, this narrative presents an illustrated history of these critical but overlooked soldiers of the Indian Wars, culminating in the eventual "closing" of the American Frontier in 1890 and the final conquest of the indigenous inhabitants of North America.

The Confederate Army 1861-65 (4) Virginia & Arkansas (Men-at-Arms 435): The common image of the Confederate Army during the Civil War is dominated by a limited number of early photographs of troops wearing the gray and butternut of the CS regulations and quartermaster issues. By contrast, this book examines the variety of uniforms worn by the Virginia and Arkansas militia and volunteers brought together in the Confederate field armies, and the continuing efforts to clothe them as wear-and-tear gradually reduced this wide range of uniforms. A mass of information from contemporary documents is illustrated with rare early photographs and meticulous color reconstructions.

World War II German Police Units: (Men-at-Arms 434) The German Police were an essential arm of the Nazi regime; as soon as Hitler achieved power the previous decentralized provincial system was unified into a single state apparatus, integrated at the command levels with the SS. While it may have been centrally controlled, it was still separated into a bewildering range of different departments and functions, many with their own uniform distinctions. This book offers a concise introduction to the organization, responsibilities, uniforms and insignia of the various branches of this machinery of repression, from Police generals to rural constables, transport policemen and factory watchmen.

Britain's Secret War
The Indonesian Confrontation 1962-66
(Men-at-Arms 431)
The 'Confrontation' between Malaysia and Indonesia in Borneo - the war against Indonesian raids across a 900-mile border - eventually involved nearly 20,000 British and Commonwealth troops, with air and naval support; and yet, by mutual consent, astonishingly little was reported at the time. This 'secret war' saw the perfection of SAS jungle tactics and audacious secret missions deep inside enemy territory, including the award to a Gurkha soldier of the British Army's only 'living VC' for 40 years. This book will reveal the experiences of the soldiers who survived and succeeded amidst some of the world's worst jungle terrain.

Japanese Special Naval Landing Forces Uniforms and equipment 1932-45 (Men-at-Arms 432): The Imperial Japanese Navy's Special Landing Force units enjoyed a reputation out of proportion to their small size. Often wrongly termed "Imperial Marines", they were in fact sailors led by Naval officers, and traced their origins directly to landing parties from warships. Their true combat debut was at Shanghai in 1932; thereafter the SNLF expanded and fought in the assaults that followed Pearl Habor in 1941, and were dispersed as island garrisons during the Pacific campaigns. This book describes their uniforms and equipment in unprecedented detail, including color photos of original items from private collections.

The Confederate Army 1861-1865 (3) - Louisiana & Texas: The common image of the Confederate Army during the Civil War is dominated by a limited number of early photogaphs of troops wearing the gray and butternut of the CS regulations and quartermaster issues. By contrast, this book examines the uniforms of the Louisiana and Texas militia and volunteer companies originally brought together in the Confederate field armies; and the continuing efforts to clothe them as wear-and-tear gradually reduced this wide range ofuniforms. A mass of information from contemporary documents is illustraed with rare photographs and meticulous color reconstructions.

American Indians of the Pacific Northwest
The Indian tribes of the Pacific Northwest, both on the Coast and the inland Plateau, were the last to encounter white traders and settlers. When contact occured in the late 18th century the explorers and traders found two distinct cultures. The fairly recent adoption of the horse had opened the Plateau tribes to influences from the peoples of the Plains; but the tribes of the Coast presented a sharply different picture, involving rigid class hierarchies, an economy based on fishing and hunting marine animals, and frequent intertribal warfare which involved slave raiding and head hunting. This fascinating text describes the ways of life, in peace and war, of the coastal and inland peoples of this region.

Ukrainian Armies 1914-55: There can be no region in Europe whose history has been more tortured than Ukraine. During the 20th century Austria, Poland, Russia, Germany, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Romania vied for power over parts of this vast and fragmented area; and its divided peoples rose time and again in vain attempts to win their independence. For the first time in the West, this book gives a succinct summary of all the different armed forces raised among the Ukrainians, and of their uniforms and insignia. These are illustrated in colour and in a selection of extremely rare photographs, dating from the Great War to the aftermath of World War II, when Ukrainian guerrillas continued to defy the Soviet authorities until the mid-1950s.

The Waffen SS Vol. III: The Waffen-SS grew from a handful of obscure infantry battalions in 1939, to a force of more than 30 divisions by the end of World War II, including units of every type and every level of battlefield value. The mid-war divisions covered in this third title represent that range, from some of the most effective German and Western European volunteer formations - e.g. the 12. SS-Pz Div 'Hitlerjugend', and the Scandinavians and Dutchmen of the 11. 'Nordland' and 23. 'Nederland' divisions - to the Bosnian Muslims of the anti-partisan 13. 'Handschar' Division. Illustrated with rare photographs from private collections and meticulous colour artwork, the text details their organization, uniforms and insignia, and summarizes their battle records.

German Armies 1870-71 (1): The crushing victory by Prussia and her German allies in the Franco-Prussian War, 1870-71, destroyed one empire and created another. It finally unified the German states into an empire under Prussian leadership - an empire proclaimed in the very halls of captured Versailles. In 1870 Prussia's reformed mobilization system put enormous armies into the field with unprecedented efficiency. The confidence which the victory encouraged among German militarists, and the intolerable humiliation it inflicted upon France, ensured that an even more destructive war was soon inevitable. This, the first of two titles, lists and illustrates the units of Prussia and her North German Confederation, the powerhouse of a formidable military machine.

SANTA ANNA'S ARMY: This book covers the army lead by the notorious General Santa Anna, 'the Napoleon of the West,' that fought the Texans at the Alamo and San Jacinto, and was poised to fight the US in the Mexican-American War of 1846-48.

WAFFEN-SS 6th TO 10^th DIVISIONS: In the early 1920s, a tiny group was formed within the SA to serve as Hitler's personal bodyguard. Originally labeled the 'Stosstruppe Adolf Hitler,' they later became known as the SS. This second of four titles covers the first wave of expansion: the 6th Division "Nord" through the 10th "Frundsberg", which fought the Western Allies in 1944.

WAFFEN-SS (1 ): In the early 1920s, a tiny group was formed within the SA to serve as Hitler's personal bodyguard. Originally labelled the 'Stosstruppe Adolf Hitler', they later became known as the SS - Schutz Staffeln, or 'protection squads'. This first of four titles covers the first five WaffenSS divisions, including the famous SS Panzer Division 'Wiking'.

Medieval Scandinavian Armies (2): This period saw profound changes, as Scandinavia became greatly influenced by military events and developments elsewhere in Europe. Most noticeably, plate armor began to take over from mail. This book offers unique insights into the realities of medieval hand-to-hand fighting and infantry tactics.

AustroHungarian Forces In WWI (2): The Austro-Hungarian forces were of central importance in World War I; it was Austria's crisis in the Balkans that began the war. This second book is a detailed study of Germans most important ally in World War I during the period of the Emperor Karl I.

Texan Army 1836-46: For ten extraordinary years following its successful revolution and independence from Mexico, Texas was a sovereign republic with its own army and navy. This absorbing text tells the little-known story of the armies of the Texan Revolution and the independent Republic of Texas.

Medieval Scandinavian Armies: As the Viking age gave way to the Middle Ages the development of Scandinavian Armies showed special local characteristics. This book shows how armies were of local infantry levies raised by 'democratic' methods to defend home territory. It also details how the crossbow became very important along with ambush tactics and winter campaigning, employing the use of sledges and skis

Tribes of the Iroquois Confederation : The federated Iroquois tribes were absolutely central to the long struggle between the British Colonists in eastern North America and the French and their client tribes. The Iroquois had a rich and individual material culture which is beautifully illustrated in this book.

GERMAN ARMY IN WWI (1): This is the first of three books that study the German Army of World War I in great detail, introducing a comprehensive study of the organization, uniforms, insignia and equipment of the imperial German army.

WWII GERMAN WOMEN'S AUXILIARY SERVICE This unique book explains and illustrates these organizations and their uniforms and insignia, as well as Red Cross nurses, and auxiliaries of the Labour Corps, Customs Service, National Socialist Women's Organisation, and League of German Maidens (Hitler Youth).

BRITISH FAR EAST 1941 - 45: This title focuses on the experience, tactics, training, and weapons of the British soldier from the Fall of Malaya and Singapore until the reconquest of Burma.

THE UNITED STATES ARMY 1917-19: Before the mid-1916 National Defense Act the US Army had a few tens of thousands of men, but by November 1918 there were nearly a million and a half American combat troops in France. This book details the organization, uniforms, equipment, and campaigns of the US Army in World War I.

ROMAN MILITARY CLOTHING (2): The armour and weapons of the Roman army have long been the subject of intense research and speculation. In this second part of a rigorous study of literary, sculptural, pictorial, and archaeological evidence, the author examines the clues which enable us to attempt reconstructions of tunics, cloaks, trousers, and other items worn by officers and men all over the empire during the two centuries between the reign of Septimius Severus and the twilight years of Stilicho.

The Italian Army of World War I: Due to her refusal to support AustriaHungary at the beginning of the war, Italy was left in a position of neutrality. The majority of Italy's battles took place on the frozen slopes of the Alps, including the numerous battles of the Isonzo, the disaster at Caporetto and, in its aftermath the holding of the Piave line. Also covered are the eventual victory at Victoria Veneto, and the conquest of Trieste following the Austrian collapse.

ZULU WARS: VOLUNTEERS, IRREGULARS & AUXILIARIES: One aspect of the Zulu War remains largely unexamined: the important part played by the local white volunteers and irregulars, and the Africans fighting with the British against the Zulus. This book tells the colorful and exciting story of these locally raised frontier units.

GERMAN PEASANTS' WAR 1554-56: In the 1520s, a brief but savage war broke out in Germany when various insurgent groups rose to overthrow the power structure. The movement took as its emblem a peasant's shoe and the collective title of 'Bundschuh', and this became known as the Peasants' War. This book details the armies, tactics, costume, weapons, personalities, and events of this savage war.

Luftwaffe Air & Ground Crew 1939-45: The Luftwaffe, honed in the Spanish Civil War, played a vital part in Germany's 'Blitzkrieg' victories in 193941. This fact-packed review of Luftwaffe uniforms and flying kits is illustrated with rare personal photos, insignia charts, and two dozen meticulously detailed color figures.

NAPOLEON'S GARDES D'HONNEUR: One of the least understood of Napoleon's corps were the four regiments of Gardes d'honneur, raised in 1813 during the frantic rebuilding of the French cavalry after the huge losses in Russia. The story of their organization, uniforms, and service is researched from rare archives and memoirs, and illustrated with portraits, surviving uniform items, and meticulous color plates.

Armies In East Africa 1914•18: One of the least-published but most interesting campaigns of the Great War was that fought in East Africa by forces of colonial troops - British Empire, German, Belgian and Portuguese. Short of resources due to the priority given to other fronts, European, African and Indian soldiers recorded epics of endurance as they hunted the outnumbered but brilliantly led German colonial forces across a vast, disease-ridden wilderness.

German Army Elite Units 1939-45: In World War II a number of German Army units and divisions were classed as lites, and were distinguished by special insignia of various kinds. This fact-packed introduction to these famous units is illustrated with rare photographs and detailed color plates.

BRITISH ARMY IN WWII (3) FAR EAST: The lightning Japanese offensives in the Far East in 1941 /42 inflicted a series of costly defeats on the ill-prepared and badly supported British Commonwealth forces in Malaya and Burma. This concise summary of Britain's Far East campaigns is illustrated with many rare photographs, and eight detailed color plates.

ITALIAN MEDIEVAL ARMIES 1000•1300: As early as the 11th century, Italian warfare was developing along lines which were unique in medieval Europe. This engrossing account of the armies of northern and southern Italy - their organization, command structure, strategy, tactics and fortifications - is illustrated with rare manuscript images, diagrams of fortifications, and eight striking color plates showing armor and weapons of all types.

Roman Military Clothing (1) 100BC-AD500: In this first part of a rigorous study of the literary sculptural, pictorial and archaeological evidence, a specialist author/artist examines the clues to reconstruct the tunics, cloaks, footwear and other items worn by officers and men all over the Roman empire.

Wellington's Dutch Allies 1815: About half of Wellington's army at Waterloo, 1815, was made up of Dutch and Belgian troops. The joint army was a mixture of patriots who had rebelled against Napoleon's occupation, and recent ex-troops of Napoleon's army. This book shows that despite criticism from the British, many units fought extremely well at Quatre Bras and Waterloo defending some decisive points.

Colonial American Troops (1610-1774): From the earliest English settlements the survival of the infant colonies in North America depended upon local militias. This second of a fascinating three-part study covers the militias and provincial troops raised in Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Maryland, New York and New Jersey.

WWII Allied Nursing Services: The skill and care of the women of the Allied military nursing services was remembered gratefully by hundreds of thousands of wounded servicemen. This first-ever fully illustrated study of the US, British, Commonwealth, and other nursing organizations includes many unpublished photographs and 24 meticulously illustrated color figures.

Sarmatians 600BC-AD450: Over a thousand years the Sarmatian tribes had contacts with the major military powers of the ancient world - Darian Persia, the Crimean and Pontic kingdoms, the Celts, Thracians and finally the Romans. These armoured horsemen of the southern Russian steppes, migrated info the Roman world at first as invaders, and later as heavy cavalry auxiliaries. In this book a distinguished Eastern European archaeologist describes the history, armor, weapons and tactics of a colorful warrior people who even reached Britain, and whom some believe are the origin of the myths of the knights of King Arthur.

The British Army 1939-45 (2) North Africa & Italy: The North African campaign of 1940-43 brought the British Army its first significant land victory, as they defeated the Italians in a number of battles between 1940-41 . This overwhelming success was the trigger for the Afrika Korps deployment to North Africa. This second of three titles describes and illustrates in detail the tropical uniforms and equipment issued to 8th and 1st Armies.

Japanese Army 1931 •45 (2) 42•45: This second volume in a two-book study describes and illustrates the developments in Japanese uniforms and equipment from the high point of conquest in 1942, through the long island and jungle campaigns of 1942-45. Researched from Japanese sources new to Western students, it also covers the last ditch forces raised in the Home Islands to resist the expected Allied invasion.

Medieval Russian Armies 1250•1450: After disastrous defeats at the hands of the Mongols in the 13th century, the Russian principalities became vassals of the Khans of the Golden Horde for more then 200 years; and at the same time the western princes faced the German crusaders of the Teutonic Order. Remarkably, Russia responded with a new surge of military vigor. This exciting chapter of history is illustrated with rare early paintings, photos, diagrams, and eight plates reconstructing the mixed influences of East and West in the appearance of Russian warriors. 

British Cavalry Equipment 1800-1941: This revised edition of Mike Chappell's original Men-at-Arms 138 represents nearly 20 years' of new research. It covers the saddlery, horse furniture, and personal equipment of the British horsed cavalryman from the early stages of the Napoleonic Wars until the final disappearance of the mounted arm during

Colonial American Troops 1610 - 1774: From the earliest English settlements the survival of the infant colonies in North America depended upon local militias. This first of a fascinating three-part study includes a general introduction and chronology, and chapters on Crown troops in North America, and begins a colony-by-colony review of militias and provincial units.

 World War II German Battle Insignia: In this book an experienced researcher explains and illustrates the Battle and Assault Badges of the Army, Waffen-SS and Luftwaffe ground troops; the sleeve shields and cuff bands issued to mark service in particular campaigns; wound badges, commemorative medals, and other types of insignia.

The Japanese Army 1931-45: This first of two titles on the Japanese forces of 1931-45 covers in concise detail the organization, equipment, uniforms and Character of this army in the Chinese and Early Pacific campaigns, illustrated with insignia many rare photographs, and meticulous uniform plates

Germany's Eastern Front Allies: The Baltic nations - Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania - enjoyed a brief independence between the World Wars before being annexed by the USSR in 1940. After the German invasion of Russia in 1941 they fought beside the Wehrmacht against the Red Army, even as 'Forest Brother guerrillas continued to fight against hopeless odds for years after the second Soviet occupation. This extraordinary story is illustrated here with rare photos, insignia charts, tables of units and detailed uniform plates.

Canadian Forces in WWII: Canada was the First Commonwealth ally to come to Britain's aid in 1940, and until final victory Canadian troops fought alongside the British and later the US armies. The Canadian divisions earned a high reputation on the battlefields of Italy, Normandy and North-West Europe, and others fought in the Far East. This is the first illustrated study of their uniforms and equipment, with many previously unpublished battlefield photos, and eight meticulous color plates by famous Canadian military illustrator Ron Volsrod.

The Russian Army 1914-18: Often overshadowed by the drama of its catastrophic collapse in the November 1917 Revolution, the Imperial Russian Army's record in 1914-16 included some notable victories. Its human qualities of patriotism and endurance were remarkable, and in 1916 the 'Brusilov Offensive' on the South-Western Front outdistanced anything that was being achieved in France. The variety and romance of its uniforms - infantry and cavalry, Guards and Line, Cossacks, armour and Air Service crewmen, even a priest - are splendidly captured here by Russia's leading military artist; and Nik Cornish's expert text is supported by tables of insignia and many rare photographs.

Axis Cavalry In WWII: It is often Forgotten that the German Wehrmacht of 1939-45 - in so many ways the exemplar of modern military thinking - relied heavily upon horses throughout the war. In this book an experienced horseman describes that last generation of horse-soldiers in Fascinating detail, his text supported by tables, photographs, and meticulous color plates by Mike Chappell.

Portuguese Army of the Napoleon War (3): Most know that Wellington's Portuguese troops were praised as the "fighting cocks" of his army; fewer appreciate that they represented between half and one-third of his entire forces. Ren Chartrand's recent primary research in Portuguese and British archives now offers a wealth of new material. This third volume covers the artillery, militia, Ordenanze, volunteers, troops in the off-shore colonies, navy and decorations.

Thracians 700BC-46AD: For seven hundred years the fierce tribesmen of Thrace dominated a huge stretch of territory between the Danube, the Black Sea, and northern Greece. Skilled in light infantry warfare and renowned as cavalrymen, they both resisted, and later served as mercenaries for all the great regional powers from Persia and Athens to Alexander of Macedon and the Roman emperors.

WWII Allied Women's Services: The contribution of women to the Allied war effort in 1939-45 was massive. Apart from their many vital roles on the home front, about a million Soviet, 500,000 British and 200,000 American women, and tens of thousands from other Allied nations, served in uniform with the armed forces. This book gives a concise introduction to the organization and uniforms of these services, with an emphasis on the British and US forces.

Wellington's Belgian Allies 1815: The army commanded by the Duke of Wellington at Quatre-Bras and Waterloo included two infantry division and three cavalry brigades of the newly-unified Netherlands (or Dutch-Belgian) army. The organization, uniforms, and battle record of the Belgian units are explained here in detail by an experienced researcher in Continental archives.

Armies in the Balkans 1914-18: For the first time, this book offers a concise account of these complex campaigns, the organization, orders of battle, and the uniforms and insignia of the armies involved: Austro-Hungarian, German, Ottoman, Serbian, Montenegrin, Albanian, British, French, Italian, Russian, Bulgarian, Greek and Rumanian.

US Army 1783-1811: The immediate 'prequel' to Men-at-Arms United States Army 1812-14', covering the crucial period between the end of the Revolutionary was and the resumption of war with Britain in 1812. It was in this period that the decision was taken that the USA should have an army. It was a colourful transitional force. 'Mad Anthony' Wayne's Legion fought some significant battles against the Indians; a regular army was founded, and grew from scattered wilderness garrison to a conventional force able to face the British regulars and Canadian volunteers in 1812-14.

Italian Army 1940-45 (3) Italy 43-45: This final book in our three-volume series on WWII Italian Army organization, uniforms and equipment covers the divisions of Italy's forces after the Armistice of 1943. Many units were raised by Mussolini's RSI to fight on beside the Germans, with entirely new and often impressive uniforms. Others joined and were equipped by the Allies; and simultaneously, a bitter civil war pitched Fascist security units against the partisan bands of the large and diverse pro-Allied guerrilla movement.

British Army 1939-45 (1) NW Europe: The importance of the British Army's contribution to World War II - and of WWII in the history of the British Army - is impossible to overstate. This first of three titles covers the introduction of new uniforms and equipment, based on a new tactical doctrine, in the 1930s; the costly lessons of Norway and France, 1940; the grim period when Britain stood alone in the world against Hitler's Germany; the slow build-up to the Second Front; and the army which crossed the Channel on D-Day 1944, and liberated huge areas of Western Europe by spring 1945.

US Army in WWI (3) North-West Europe: This Men At Arms title describes and illustrates both combat and service uniforms worn in the ETO, from the assault troops on the D-Day beaches to bemedalled veterans celebrating VE-Day. Other subjects include artillery, tanks, anti-tank weapons, the engineers, the replacement system; and the insignia of the division committed to this front.

British Air Forces 1914-1918 (2): This second in a two-part study covers RAF, WRAF, and RAFNS uniforms from the unification of the service in April 1918. Included are several previously unpublished features; and the whole span of flying clothing during the Great War, including fascinating details of early life jackets and parachutes. A men at arms series book

Moors: The high point of medieval Islamic expansion was the 700-year presence of the "Moore" in Spain and Portugal. The rise and fall of successive Islamic dynasties brought new invaders, fragmentation and disunity; and the growing Christian kingdoms to the north eventually doomed the amirate of Granada, the last Moorish bastion, which fell to the Castilians in 1492. The extraordinarily varied and colorful armies of Western Islam are described and illustrated here in fascinating detail. A Men at Arms series book.

Italian Army WWII: At its peak, the Italian Army contributed 2.5 million troops to the Axis war effort. In this second book of a three-part study, Philip Jowett covers the organization, uniforms and insignia of the Italian troops committed to both the North African campaign, and the often neglected East African fighting of 1940-41, including the colorful colonial units. Stephen Andrew's meticulous color plates illustrate a wide range of uniforms, many of which will be new to most readers. A Men at Arms series book.

US Army of WWII (2) N. Africa/Mediterranean This second of a three-volume series detailing the uniforms, equipment, weapons and organization of the US Army of WWII, this title covers the forces deployed in the Mediterranean theatre in 1942-45, from the "Torch" landing through Tunisia and the baptism of fire at Kasserine to victory in North Africa. The Sicilian landings through the frustrations of the Anzio beachhead, and the drive on Rome past Cassino to the last campaign in the Po Valley are also detailed.

The Portuguese Army of the Napoleonic Wars (2): This remarkable three-part study will transform the research material available to the English-speaking student of the Peninsular War. Most know that Wellington's Portuguese troops were praised as the "fighting cocks" of his army; fewer appreciate that they represented between half and one-third of his entire forces. Similarly, most uniform historians have bee limited to a few half-understood paintings by Dighton, and brief notes from secondary sources. Rene Chartrand's recent primary research in Portuguese and British archives now offers a wealth of important new material. This second volume covers the light infantry, cavalry, specialist corps and several supporting military and civilian departments.

Portuguese Army of the Napoleonic Wars (1) This volume is the first of two covering the organization, uniforms and weapons of the Portuguese Army in Europe during the Napoleonic Wars. Based on Portuguese as well as newly discovered British documents, this study comprises the most extensive source yet published in English on the material culture of these forces between 1806 and 1815

The Sioux: From the rise of the Tetons from 1804 to 1850, to the Minnesota uprising of 1862 and the clashes at Laramie, and detailed coverage of the climatic and cataclysmic "final struggle" in the decades of the Frontier wars, this volume provides a welcome in-depth study of the origins, development and history of the Sioux culture and their peoples, covering all seven of their divisions, in peacetime and at war. Biographical profiles are also provided on the principal Sioux leaders.

US Army 1812-14: This volume concentrates exclusively on the regular US Army units which formed the backbone of the forces that fought the British along the Canadian frontier and at New Orleans in the War of 1812 which saw the British burn the White House and the bombardment of Fort McHenry, inspiring Francis Scott Key to write "The Star Spangled Banner"

Modelling Armoured Vehicles Osprey Modelling 43: Designed to appeal to all armour modellers from the beginner to the veteran this book details all the steps involved in creating a realistic and attractive model armoured vehicle. Each chapter is illustrated with a range of models covering the whole spectrum of armour modelling, including World War II armour as well as more modern subjects. The authors also cover techniques and subject areas in which they individually excel, highlighting the different tools and approaches required for each individual discipline. Lavishly illustrated with over 250 images, this book contains all the detailed, step-by-step information you need to become an expert armour modeller.

Modelling Scale Aircraft (Osprey Modelling 41): Brett Green, one of the hobby's leading names, provides a comprehensive introduction to all of the basic techniques and materials needed to build scale aircraft, from opening the kit box to displaying the finished model, all in one clear and easy-to-follow expert guide. The many detailed photographs with step-by-step captions and the accessible and informative text cover every aspect of aircraft kit construction, from initial preparation through all stages of assembly to detailed finishing. This is an essential resource for any aviation modeller.

Modelling the F4F Wildcat (Osprey Modelling 39): The F4F Wildcat was an aircraft of the type of which legends are made. Without the handling performance that made the Japanese Zero so famous, it was well regarded for its ruggedness and firepower and, in the hands of a skilled pilot who understood both its strengths and weaknesses, it was capable of holding its own against the best that its opponents had to offer. This book details projects that encompass four variants of the F4 Wildcat. As they were supplied to a number of air forces during the war, including the RAF, there is a wide range of markings available to modellers which are also dealt with in detail. Covering a range of modelling abilities from a beginner's first build to an expert scratch-building extras, this book is illustrated with full-colour step-by-step photographs.

Modelling the US Army M4 (76mm) Sherman Medium Tank (Osprey Modelling 40): The Sherman tank was the principal US and Allied tank of World War II - more Shermans were built than all German tanks combined. Not only were large numbers of Shermans manufactured, but a large number of variants emerged powered by different types of engines and with different types of hulls, turrets and other details, making it an ideal subject for any modeller. Steven J Zaloga takes on the Sherman tank in this book, providing a guide to four variants across a range of different skill levels, depicting differing colour schemes and techniques which are examined and illustrated in lavish full-colour step-by-step photographs.

Modelling the Late Panzerkampfwagen IV (Osprey Modelling 38): The Panzerkampfwagen IV has often been referred to as the 'workhorse' of the German Army in World War II. This important weapon went through several upgrades and improvements during its lifetime and is the only German tank to have been produced continuously throughout the entire war. In his previous title, Modelling the Early Panzerkampfwagen IV, Tom Cockle covered the early production Panzer IV. This book will cover the later versions of the tank from those that were initially equipped with the 7.5cm KwK 40 L/43 to later versions which were mounted with the L/48 gun. Step-by-step photographs show how to model this tank across various scales and at various skill levels, making this book ideal for both beginners as well as advanced modellers interested in minuscule detail, scratch built extras and rare tank markings.

Modelling the P-51 Mustang (Osprey Modelling 34): The North American P-51 Mustang had a humble genesis as a British request for single engine escort fighters but became, arguably, World War II's most important fighter aircraft. It had incredible endurance, fantastic maneuverability and excellent high-altitude performance, and served throughout World War II and beyond. This aircraft is one that holds a great deal of interest for many modellers around the world. This book takes the modeller from the aircraft's beginnings to the ultimate manifestation of this elegant and deadly bird, the F-82 G/H Twin Mustang. Special attention is paid to painting both both interiors and exteriors, with a wide range of different schemes used.

Modelling the Tiger I (Osprey Modelling 37): Probably the most famous tank of the World War II, the Tiger I was originally conceived in 1941 in response to the German Army's experience in fighting British tanks and anti-tank guns in Western Europe and the North African desert. Following the invasion of Russia, the appearance of the Soviet T-34 and KW tanks lent a further impetus to the programme and 1,350 Tigers were produced between August 1942 and August 1944. The Tiger has proved to be one of the most popular modelling subjects of all time, with a vast and ever-increasing range of kits, aftermarket products and references available. This title features six different projects from some of the earliest Tigers in North Africa through to the late-production variants at the very end of the war.

Modelling the Messerschmitt Bf 109F and early G series
(Osprey Modelling 36) The Messerschmitt Bf 109 is one of the most recognizable fighter aircraft in history, and this book focuses on the Messerschmitt Bf 109F and early G models - the Friedrich and Gustav - the workhorses of the German Luftwaffe during the middle years of World War II. Detailing five different builds across the scales, and featuring aircraft in camouflage schemes and markings from the Western Desert to the Russian Steppes, this book is an excellent source of reference for both the beginner and expert modeller, on one of the most effective killing machines of World War II.

Modelling the US Army M4 (75mm) Sherman Medium Tank (Osprey Modelling 35): The Sherman was the most widely used Allied tank of World War II and was built in larger numbers than all German tanks combined. There was also a huge number of variants, powered by different engines, and manufactured with different types of hulls and turrets. This book presents an expert guide to modelling the 75mm gun versions used by the US Army in the ETO, in 1/35 and 1/48 scale. The projects featured include an early M4A1 from Operation Husky (July 1943), an intermediate M4 during Operation Cobra (August 1944), an M4 mine-roller in the Ardennes (January 1945), and a M4A3 during Operation Grenade (February 1945).

Armour Modelling (Modelling Masterclass): Armour Modelling answers all a modeller's 'how do I do this' questions. Beginning with the very basics required to build a 'first kit' it works its way through the various skills that any modeller using plastic kits, etched-metal sets and resin or white-metal parts needs to know about to master advanced level techniques. John Prigent breaks the world of armour modelling down into simple, easy to understand chapters that describe what tools to use, how to work with varied materials, different ways to paint and finish your model, building your own display base and many other elements of the modelling process. Each chapter is highly illustrated with colour photographs to give you a step-by-step approach to understanding the subject. These basic techniques are then brought together and illustrated in three detailed builds by the renowned modellers Steve Zaloga, Gary Edmundson and Nick Cortese, covering a range of subjects from the German World War II tank destroyer the Sturmgeschütz IV to the modern Israeli main battle tank the Tiran 5.

Modelling Fallschirmjäger Figures (Osprey Modelling 31): This is the first book to address the subject of German Fallschirmjäger troops for the figure modeller. The major items of Fallschirmjäger uniform and equipment are covered, with an emphasis on specially designed paratrooper items. Clear step-by-step instructions allow the reader to recreate realistic figures in miniature scale with confidence and ease. Among the tutorials covered in this book are face painting, creating complex camouflage patterns, weathering clothing, and figure conversion techniques, as well as vignette and diorama settings for your figures (creating groundwork and balancing composition). The projects featured range from single-figure studies to full-scale dioramas, covering all the major periods and theatres of the war.

Modelling Panzer Crewmen of the Heer: Osprey Modelling 8) A wonderfully detailed and beautifully finished armour model can easily be let down if accompanied by a poorly painted figure. The addition of scale figures helps provide depth, weight and realism to a model - yet working with figures continues to be most armour modellers' worst nightmare. This book provides tips and techniques for building, converting and painting World War II German Army Panzer crew figures, in clear step-by-step instructions. Among the topics covered are how to paint different uniforms using enamels and oils; converting and scratch-building figures; painting heads and flesh tones; and weathering clothing.

Modelling the Sturmgeschütz III: (Osprey Modelling 22) The Sturmgeschütz III proved to be one of the more significant German AFVs of World War II. Originally designed in the late 1930s as a self-propelled infantry support gun, its role became more diverse throughout the war and it served as a tank hunter and in front-line Panzer companies; over 9,000 vehicles were built. This book details the construction of four progressively more complicated builds in 1/35 scale, and also includes a gallery covering several different variants of the StuG III. It also provides a comprehensive list of available aftermarket products and kits of all scales.

Modelling the T-34/76: (Osprey Modelling 33) The T-34/76 was the most influential tank design of World War II, with its sloping armour, heavy hitting firepower and rapid mobility. It first saw combat in the summer of 1941, and its qualities soon set it apart from other medium tanks of the period. This book guides the reader through techniques for constructing and finishing four T-34/76 variants in 1/35 scale, presented by four of the world's leading AFV modellers. The projects featured are a T-34/76 from Factory 112, an Early T-34/76 Model 1943 recovered from a swamp, a captured STZ T-34/76 in service with Italian Army, and a German 747(r)-3 conversion on the Western Front.

Modelling the Messerschmitt Bf 109B/C/D/E
(Osprey Modelling 32)
The Messerschmitt Bf 109 was the most prominent German fighter type of World War II - over 35,000 were built and it served in many different variants and roles throughout the course of the war. It was the true workhorse of the German Luftwaffe throughout the war and continued in front-line service with some European countries for many years afterwards. This title details the early and pre-war variants, including the Bf 109s that flew in the Spanish Civil War, Poland, France and the Battle of Britain, in a series of increasingly complex construction projects. It also details the numerous kits available of this famous fighter.

Modelling the Mitsubishi A6M Zero
(Osprey Modelling 25)
The A6M Rei Shiki Sento Ki (meaning Type Zero fighter) was the result of an order by the Imperial Japanese Navy for a low-wing monoplane with superior speed, range, climbing powers, and manoeuvrability. It famously served as a fighter escort during the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, and ended the war as the kamikaze plane of choice. This book provides a detailed guide to modelling this popular aircraft across a variety of scales, and features an A6M2-N Rufe, a kamikaze A6M5c, an A6M2 model 21, and a captured A6M5b of TAIC #7, as well as a gallery and walkaround section.

Modelling the Panther Tank (Osprey Modelling 30): The PzKpfw V Panther is considered to be one of the finest tanks developed during World War II. Developed as a response to the Soviet deployment of heavy armour on the Eastern Front, the Panther established its reputation as one of the first truly universal tanks and its influence can be seen in the design of modern battle tanks to this day. This book details how to model the main variants of this fascinating and significant World War II tank, including the Bergepanther and Pantherturn. It also provides a listing of the main kits and aftermarket sets available.

Modelling the Challenger 1 and 2 MBT and Variants
(Osprey Modelling 29)
Introduced to the British Army in 1983, Challenger Main Battle Tanks have served operationally in the Balkans and both Gulf Wars, where their firepower, protection and shock action were instrumental to the success of British forces. In addition to the familiar gun tanks, the Challenger family encompasses the Rhino Armoured Repair and Recovery Vehicle (ARRV), highly modified Desert Challenger 2s operated by the Royal Army of Oman and the radical Falcon 2 being developed by the Jordanian Army. This book covers a wide range of these variants, with each chapter presenting a different build using colour photos to illustrate scratch-building, painting and weathering techniques across a variety of skill levels.

Modelling the F/A-18 Hornet

The McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet is probably the world's most advanced air superiority fighter/attack aircraft and is often seen thrilling air-show crowds around the world. The Hornet is currently in service with the US Navy, the US Marine Corps, the Spanish, Australian, Swiss and Canadian air forces, as well as with several Middle Eastern air arms. This title provides a detailed guide to modelling the Hornet in 1/48th and 1/32nd scales, covering a variety of colour schemes. The step-by-step modelling projects include a 'Gunslingers' F/A-18C USN Hornet from Operation DESERT FOX, an F/A-18D Hornet from the Royal Malaysian Air Force, a Navy 'Black Aces' F/A-18F Super Hornet and an F/A-18A 'Top Gun'-school Hornet

Terrain Modelling Masterclass: Illustrated with some 200 photographs and written by a master of diorama modelling with a lifetime's experience, this book provides the essential and invaluable guide to the material and techniques needed to create top quality terrain for anywhere from Ancient Rome to the Western Front.

Focke-Wulf FW190: Osprey Modeling Manual 20 examines the Focke-Wulf 190, which entered Luftwaffe service in 1941. With detailed step-by-step model photography, specially commissioned walkround photography, scale drawings and wartime shots, this book provides all the details needed to model the most common A8 version as well as the long-nosed FW190D and other variants.

North American P-51 Mustang: Osprey Modeling Manual 19 covers the best-known US fighter of WWII - the long-range escort that made possible the USAAFs bombings of Germany by day. With detailed step-by-step model photography, specially commissioned walkround photography, scale drawings and wartime shots, these series provides all the details needed to model the main P-51 version, the P-51D and its variants.

Supermarine Spitfire: Osprey's Modelling Manual 18 examines Reginald Mitchell's classic Spitfire, the only RAF type in continuous production throughout WWII, and an airframe adaptable as a fighter, fighter-bomber and PR aircraft. This book provides all the details needed to model the main Spitfire Marks, the Mks V and IX and other Spitfire variants. Includes a full roundup of the models available on the market, details of where you can see the real thing, a select bibliography, and survey of websites of interest.

Messerschmitt BF109: With this book the Osprey Modelling Manuals start a regular subseries on modelling specific aircraft types. The first covers the standard Luftwaffe single-seat fighter of the early years of WW2, the Messerschmitt Bf109, the mount of aces such as Adolf Galland and Werner Mslders. With detailed step-by-step model photography, specially commissioned walkround photography, scale drawings and wartime shots, these books will provide all the details needed to model the main Bf109 version. A Modelling Manual series book

M4 Sherman: The second of a regular subseries on modelling tanks and AFVs, M4 Sherman covers the Allies' most important tank of WWII, the US M4 medium, or Sherman, of which 49,234 were built. With detailed step-by-step model photography, specially commissioned walkround photos, scale drawings and wartime shots, this book will provide all the details needed to model the M4 Sherman in the desert, north-west European and Pacific theatres. It covers the main M4 versions including the Firefly, the Calliope multiple rocket launcher and T1E3 mine roller.

Air Brushing Techniques: This book is designed to impart the techniques of using this effective tool quickly and easily. All three types of airbrush are examined and explained in simple terms. The title also boasts an excellent section on actually using the airbrush, and studies in depth the painting of four different miniatures. Methods of lightening and darkening, representing camouflage and weathering and mixing exactly the right colour are all explained.

The Atlantic Wall (2) Belgium, The Netherlands, Denmark and Norway Fortress 89: Germany's Atlantic Wall was the most ambitious military fortification program of World War II. Following its conquest of Western Europe, Germany had to defend some 5,000km of Atlantic coastline from the Spanish border to the Arctic Circle. The United States' entry into the war and the inevitability of an Anglo-American landing in Western Europe resulted in the fortification of this coastline along its entire length. Focusing on the northern Atlantic Wall in the Low Countries and Scandinavia, this title addresses the special defensive features and unique aspects of fortification in these countries, such as the early focus on fortifying Norway, due to early British commando raids; the greater use of turreted naval guns; and the establishment of first-line Flak defences in the Low Countries to counter the Allied strategic bombing campaign

Greek Fortifications of Asia Minor 500 130 BC From the Persian Wars to the Roman Conquest Fortress 90: Sandwiched between the heart of ancient Greece and the lands of Persia, the Greek cities of Western Anatolia were the spark that ignited some of the most iconic conflicts of the ancient world. Fought over repeatedly in the 5th century BC, their conquest by the Persians provided a casus belli for Alexander the Great to cross the Hellespont in 334 BC and launch the battle of Granicus and the sieges of Miletus and Halicarnassus. A blend of Greek and Asian styles of military architecture, these fortified cities were revolutionary in their multi-linear construction successive defensive walls with loopholes and mural arches. Konstantin Nossov illustrates the evolution of Greek fortifications and the influences of the region they bordered in this fascinating study.

Saracen Strongholds 1100 1500 The Central and Eastern Islamic Lands Fortress 87: By the time of the Crusades, the Islamic world had already developed its own sophisticated styles of fortification. Distinctive and highly effective, the region's unique military architecture continued to evolve in response to the Crusader and Mongol threats, and also drew upon the traditions of their foes and neighbours. The resulting Islamic concepts of military architecture had an influence upon fortifications in Western Europe, including Italy and the Iberian Peninsula. However, Islamic fortifications continued to focus upon the defence of cities and frontiers rather than providing security for feudal aristocracies, as was increasingly the case in Europe. Covering fortifications as far apart as North Africa, Afghanistan and northern India, this volume focuses on the Islamic side of the conflict, highlighting the fortifications in use when the Crusaders sought to reconquer the Holy Land, as well as the eventual absorption of the territories of Byzantium into the Islamic world.

The Mannerheim Line 1920 39 Finnish Fortifications of the Winter War Fortress 88: In the wake of the bloody civil war that followed Finland's independence from Russiain 1917, the border between the two countries was established across the Karelian Isthmus, an area long fought over by Russia, Finland and Sweden in their attempts to dominate the northern tip of Europe. Neither the Soviets nor the Finnish were comfortable with such a divide which was only 32km from the military and industrial city of Petrograd. As such, both sides began an intensive period of fortification and defensive planning. As the Winter War broke out in November 1939, the complex and heavily defended Mannerheim Line suffered intense bombardment. The armistice of 1940 saw Finland cede control of the entire Karelian Isthmus to the USSR, and a propaganda war ensued. Through an analysis of the background, and operational history of the Mannerheim Line, Bair Irincheev attempts to dispel such myths and provide an accurate assessment of its huge historical importance.

Scapa Flow The defences of Britain's great fleet anchorage 1914 45 Fortress 85: A strategically important natural harbor in the Orkney Islands, Scapa Flow served as Britain's main fleet anchorage during World Wars I and II. In 1914 and again in 1939, the British began building a comprehensive defensive network by fortifying the entrances to Scapa Flow, and then extended these defenses to cover most of Orkney. By 1940, it had become an island fortress, the largest integrated defensive network of its kind in Europe, manned by as many as 50,000 Commonwealth troops. Backed by newly commissioned artwork, naval historian Angus Konstam tells the story of this mighty naval fortress, many pieces of which can still be seen on the island today.

English Castles 1200 1300 Fortress 86: The simple castles raised after the Norman conquest had been developed throughout 11th and 12^th centuries, whilst the introduction of Islamic and Byzantine fortification techniques from the late 12^th century led to further developments in castle architecture. These fortifications were to be well tested throughout the course of the 13th century as England was riven by the conflict, characterized by prolonged sieges, between the monarchy and powerful magnates. As well as providing the focus for warfare, castles increasingly became the centres of their communities, providing a more permanent base for the lord, his family and retainers, as well as acting as centers for justice and administration.

Roman Auxiliary Forts 27 BC AD 378 Fortress 83: With the vast expansion of the Roman Empire came a need for more and more fortifications to defend it. The borders of the Empire stretched through wildly different terrains which demanded a huge variety of different fortifications, depending on the local conditions and the threats faced by the different areas. The adoption of local troops (auxiliaries) and local building techniques at key strategic points on the outskirts of the empire led to an intriguing mix of strong Roman structure with unique culturally diverse elements. Describing the development of these hugely varied defensive systems, Duncan Campbell delves into the operation and social history behind the fortifications. With detailed colour artwork and maps, he traces their history through the Batavian Revolt of the 1st century AD, which saw auxiliary units scattered far from their native regions, until the decline of the late-3rd and 4th centuries placed their fortifications in an increasingly pressurized and eventually untenable position

Chinese Walled Cities 221 BC AD 1644 Fortress 84: It has been said in China that a city without a wall would be as inconceivable as a house without a roof. Even the smallest village invariably had some form of defensive wall, while the Great Wall of China was an attempt to build a barrier along the most vulnerable border of the entire country. Yet the finest examples of walled communities were China's walled cities, whose defensive architecture surpassed anything along the Great Wall. This book traces the evolution of the walled city from the 3,000 year old remains of the beaten earth walls of the Shang dynasty to the huge stone fortifications of the Ming dynasty. Stephen Turnbull, expert military historian, reveals the defensive structures from all the major ancient Chinese cities, and discusses how they protected entire communities, and not just castle dwellers, with colour artwork reconstructions, maps and archive photographs.

Maori Fortifications Fortress 81: The Maori people of New Zealand were experienced field engineers and it was common practice to protect villages with surrounding entrenchments and wooden palisades, known as pas. However, it was not until 1845, with the first fighting between the Maori and the British, that it became clear just how strong and sophisticated the Maori fortifications were. For the best part of 20 years, the Maori held off the dominant and technologically superior British forces, by adapting and developing their defences in response to new British assaults. This book explores the evolution and design of Maori fortifications, and charts the course of a conflict that would ultimately see the British break the Maori pas, leading to a bitter guerrilla bush war.

Scottish Baronial Castles 1250 1450 Fortress 82: Devastated by the civil wars of the 17th century or by the neglect of their owners, the majority of Scottish baronial castles built between 1250 and 1450 survive as little more than skeletal ruins. These reminders of Scotland's past have captured the imaginations of romantics, artists, writers and tourists since the late 18th century. Often set in spectacular surroundings, on cliff-tops, islands, and gorges, their ruined grandeur evokes a medieval world of sieges, banquets and murders, and provides a rare physical link with the Anglo-Scottish wars of Robert the Bruce and William Wallace.

Israeli Fortifications of the October War 1973 Fortress 79: The Bar Lev Line along the Suez Canal was born out of the overwhelming victory of the Israel Defence Forces (IDF) in the Six Day War of 1967. Devastated by their defeat, the Egyptian army bombarded Israeli positions, causing many casualties. Accordingly, the IDF Chief of Staff, General Haim Bar-Lev, ordered the construction of a series of fortified positions named the Bar Lev Line. Each position was surrounded by barbed wire and minefields and virtually immune to strikes by artillery shells and even 500kg bombs. On 6 October 1973, Yom Kippur, the positions were manned by just 436 reservists when the Egyptian Second and Third Armies launched a massive offensive along the Suez Canal. The positions were quickly cut off from the supporting elements, and the Israeli defenders paid a high price with a casualty rate of almost 50 per cent. Despite these losses, it was not the Bar Lev Line that failed but Israel's military and political establishment, which realised Arab intentions too late.

British Forts in the Age of Arthur Fortress 80: When the Romans left Britain around AD 410, the unconquered native peoples of modern Scotland, Ireland and Wales were presented with the opportunity to pillage what remained of Roman Britain. The Post-Roman Britons did their best to defend themselves by using fortifications. While some Roman forts were maintained, the Post-Roman Britons also created new strongholds, or re-occupied some of the hill-forts first built by their ancestors. The most famous warlord of the 'Dark Ages' was the legendary Arthur. His attempt to unite the Britons in the face of Saxon invaders was doomed, and in a little over two centuries the country had become Saxon England. However, for a few brief decades, 'Arthur of the Britons' did what he could to safeguard the culture and civilisation of Post- Roman Celtic Britain.

The German Fortress of Metz 1870 1944 Fortress 78: Following the defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 71, the German Army began to construct a fortress line from Strasbourg to Luxembourg to protect their new territory, the centrepiece of which was the great Moselstellung (Moselle Position) of Metz / Thionville. Illustrated with rare photographs and full-colour cutaway artwork, this book examines the design and development of the fortress and analyses its use in combat, focusing particularly on the part it played in holding up General Patton's Third Army's advance across France in 1944.

The Stalin and Molotov Lines Soviet Western Defences 1928 41: Fortress 77: In the years following the Civil War, plans were drawn up to build a major set of fortifications along the Russian western border. Work began in 1926, leading to a front that stretched over 2,000km from the Baltic to the Black Sea. By the time of the outbreak of World War II, the defences of the Stalin Line, as it was known, were largely complete but were also now too far behind the new Soviet border to be of any use in potential offensives. Stalin took steps to create a new defensive line inside Poland, which came to be known by the name of the Soviet Foreign Minister, Molotov. This book details the development of these lines, and the fighting that took place around them in 1941.

The Forts of Judaea 168 BC-AD 73 From the Maccabees to the Fall of Masada (Fortress 65): This book analyzes the fortifications of Hasmonaean and Herodian Judaea from the middle of the second century BC, when the Maccabees rebelled against their Seleucids overlords and established an independent state, until the end of the Jewish-Roman War in AD 73.

The Forts of New France in Northeast America 1600-1763 (Fortress 75): 'New France' consisted of the area colonized and ruled by France in North America. This title takes a look at the lengthy chain of forts built by the French to guard the frontier in the American northeast, including Sorel, Chambly, St Jean, Carillon (Ticonderoga), Duquesne (Pittsburgh, PA), and Vincennes. These forts were of two types: the major stone forts, and other forts made of wood and earth, all of which varied widely in style from Vauban-type elements to cabins surrounded by a stockade. Some forts, such as Chambly, looked more like medieval castles in their earliest incarnations. René Chartrand examines the different types of forts built by the French, describing the strategic vision that led to their construction, their impact upon the British colonies and the Indian nations of the interior, and the French military technology that went into their construction

The Walls of Rome (Fortress 71): This book provides a detailed examination of the design, development and construction of the defences of ancient Rome, with a particular focus on the Aurelian Wall - arguably the best preserved of all city walls in the Roman empire.

Strongholds of the Border Reivers Fortifications of the Anglo-Scottish Border 1296-1603 (Fortress 70): In the year 1296, Edward I of England launched a series of vicious raids across the Anglo-Scottish Border in his attempt to annexe Scotland. The Scots retaliated and the two countries were plunged into 300 years of war in which the Borderland became the frontline and raiding, or 'reiving,' encouraged by both sides, became a way of life. Keith Durham examines the Border fortresses, ranging from small, well-defended castles to imposing tower houses, or 'peles,' and a variety of fortified farmhouses known as 'bastles.' He also investigates the many churches that were strengthened against attack and in times of trouble served as sanctuaries for their congregations. Packed with full-colour photographs and detailed cut-away artwork, this is an ideal historical commentary for any tourist visiting the sites that are dotted across the whole of the Border region.

The Berlin Wall and the Intra-German Border 1961-89 (Fortress 69): The border between East and West Germany was closed on 26 May 1953. On 13 August 1961 crude fences and walls were erected around West Berlin: the Berlin Wall had been created. The Wall encircled West Berlin for a distance of 155km, and its barriers and surveillance systems evolved over the years into an advanced obstacle network. The Intra-German Border ran from the Baltic Sea to the Czechoslovak border for 1,381km, and was where NATO forces faced the Warsaw Pact for the 45 years of the Cold War. This book examines the international situation that led to the establishment of the Berlin Wall and the IGB, and discusses how these barrier systems were operated, and finally fell.

German V-Weapon Sites 1943-45. Fortress 72; Zaloga. Designed to change the course of the war, the V weapons required ambitious plans to defend their expensive and complicated launch sites. Describes the configuration and planned deployment of heavy missile sites, as well as the unique Allied tactics developed to counter this threat. From the V-1 ski sites to the mobile basing employed by the V-2 units and the other secret weapons bases like the V-3 high-pressure gun at Mimoyeques, this book examines the impact of these weapon systems and defenses not only on the war but on modern weaponry; 64 pages

Japanese Castles in Korea 1592-98 (Fortress 67): The Japanese invasion and occupation of Korea, which lasted from 1592 to 1598, was the only occasion in Japanese history when samurai aggression was turned against a foreign country. During the occupation of Korea the Japanese built 25 wajo or castles. Unlike the castles built in Japan, these fortifications were never developed or modernized after the Japanese departure. The details of late 16th-century castle construction are therefore better preserved than at many other sites. Written by Stephen Turnbull, an expert in the subject, this book examines the castles built by the Japanese in Korea, as well as the use made of existing Korean fortifications, particularly city walls. This resulted in curious hybrid fortifications that dominated the landscape until the Japanese were pushed out of the peninsula by a furious onslaught from huge Chinese armies.

The Castles of Edward I in Wales 1277-1307 (Fortress 64): In 1277 Edward I gathered a huge army and marched into Wales to subdue the rebel Welsh princes. A key part of his strategy was to erect a castle wherever his army rested. This title takes a detailed look at the design, development and principles of defence of these Welsh castles, documenting daily life within their walls and the historical events that took place around them. Focusing on key sites, it highlights the varied castle designs ranging from fortifications based on French models to the defences inspired by Constantinople, and is illustrated with eight pages of full-colour illustrations and cutaway artwork.

The Atlantic Wall (1) France (Fortress 63: Germany's Atlantic Wall was the most ambitious military fortification program of World War II. With Germany's gradual loss of the strategic initiative to the Allies, in 1942 Hitler was forced to construct an impenetrable wall of fortifications along the Atlantic and Mediterranean coast. This book deals solely with the structures on the French coast, starting with the Pas-de-Calais and extending down to Spain. It features detailed illustrations and diagrams of the various sections of the Atlantic Wall and the role that they played, giving a thoughtful analysis of some of the most accessible fortifications of World War II.

Soviet Field Fortifications 1941-45 (Fortress 62):From June 1941, the Soviets were forced to undertake large-scale defensive operations in the face of the overwhelming German blitzkrieg assault, operations which ran counter to their preference for highly mobile, offensive warfare. Lessons were quickly learned across a wide variety of terrain and climates, including the open steppes, dense forests, wooded swamps, cities, and in snow and ice, where the availability of construction materials differed greatly. The first to cover this topic in the English language and containing detailed information about the trenches, bunkers, observation posts and weapon positions, this book examines field fortifications built from local materials by infantrymen, as well as their use of mines, field camouflage techniques, and construction tools. It provides a first fascinating insight into Russian defensive attempts against the overwhelming might of the German Army.

Medieval Russian Fortresses AD 862-1480 (Fortress 61): According to Russian legend, in the year AD 862 the Slav tribes of what is now European Russia invited a number of Scandinavian princes to rule over them. However, on the death of these princes, Prince Oleg seized Kiev and united the Northern and Southern Russian territories, building extensive fortifications to protect its borders. The rise of feudalism in the 11th century lead to the development of individual fortified sites and the extended border defenses fell into disrepair. Consequently, Mongol hordes poured over the border introducing the siege warfare techniques of the East, heavily influencing the fortification styles thereafter. Using a wealth of archeological evidence and first-hand sources, Konstantin Nossov charts the history of the medieval Russian fortress from its early beginnings until the 14th century, paying special attention to the development of one of the most iconic fortifications in the world: the Kremlin.

Rome's Saxon Shore
Coastal Defences of Roman Britain AD 250-500 (Fortress 56) Constructed to protect the coastline of southern and eastern Britain, the forts of the 'Saxon Shore' are among the most impressive surviving monuments of the Roman occupation of the British Isles, although much about them remains a mystery. In an impressive outlay of money, manpower and materials the frontier system stretched from the Wash to the Solent and included the heavy fortification of the major harbours and estuaries of the east and south-east coast. This book explores the history of this frontier system the ruins of which define the British landscape to this day.

The Great Wall of China 221 BC-AD 1644
(Fortress 57) The most famous example of fortification in the world, the Great Wall of China stretches for more than 6,000km across inhospitable terrain. Charting its development from its earliest origins in the 7th century BC through to the present day, this account reveals the true history of the wall, and explores the myths that surround it. Included are details of what it was like to live within the wall, how it was garrisoned and patrolled, and a discussion of how effective it was against attack. Through extensive examination of both ancient and modern sources, colour maps, artwork and photographs, this book illustrates why the wall is one of the great wonders of the world.

Vietnam Firebases 1965-73
American and Australian Forces (Fortress 58) Artillery fire support bases of the Freeworld forces played a critical role in the conduct of operations during the Vietnam War. They served to lay down high-volume fire on enemy firing sites, supported friendly infantry operations, and executed harassing fire missions where exact targets were not known. But the firebases themselves - which housed a range of other facilities such as troop shelters, surveillance radars and command centers - had to be defended against ground attack, and as a result became significant fortifications in their own right. This book describes the design, development and operational history of the fire support bases throughout the conflict

Cathar Castles Fortresses of the Albigensian Crusade 1209-1300 (Fortress 55): During the early 13th century the north of what is now France went to war with the south in a bloody crusade aimed at destroying the heretical sect known as the Cathars. The conflict was characterized by vicious guerrilla actions and the besieging of the innumerable fortified sites that dotted the landscape of the south. Illustrated with full colour artwork and stunning photographs, this book describes the castles and fortifications of the Cathar period, examining their design, construction and the role that they played during the Albigensian Crusade

Forts of the American Frontier 1820-91 The Southern Plains and Southwest (Fortress 54): During the 1840s, the rarely visited "Great American Desert" of the Southern Plains and Southwest became part of the inexorable westward expansion, as European traders and settlers headed overland from the eastern seaboard. The traditional lands of the Creek, Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw and Seminole Indians were quickly absorbed, and the rapid advance of the frontier soon brought the white man into conflict with the Kiowa, Comanche, Apache and Navajo tribes. Numerous posts and forts were built to protect trading posts and settlers, and to police the Indian reservations. This title explores the design and development of these sites, the life of the garrisons that manned them, and the clashes with Native American warriors such as Geronimo, Manuelito and Quanah Parker.

The Fortifications of Gibraltar 1068-1945 (Fortress 52): Gibraltar, located at the meeting points of Europe and Africa, preserves within its fortifications a rich testament to human conflict spanning 600 years. In 1068 the ruling Spanish Muslims built a large fort there. Between 1309 and 1374 Gibraltar underwent a period of intensive building and fortification, and following the Spanish reconquest of 1462 the inhabitants carried out further works. In 1704 the latest, uninterrupted period of British rule began. The 18th century saw three sieges including the most severe, known as the Great Siege, which lasted from 1779 to 1783. During World War II the 'Rock' served as a vital stop for supply convoys and naval staging base, complete with a veritable warren of secret tunnels. This book documents Gibraltar's rich history, and charts the development of these fascinating fortifications.

Defending Space US Anti-Satellite Warfare and Space Weaponry (Fortress 53): The United States has been developing space for many years, and satellites provide the US Military with an unparaleled advantage over its adversaries. Constellations of both military and civilian satellites provide protection and support for military operations; deliver ballistic missile early warning; supply reliable, secure and jam-proof communications; gather audio-visual intelligence; predict weather patterns; guide navigation; and deliver guided-weapons targeting, as well as a host of other missions. This book explores the design, development and usage of US military space systems, as well past and future threats to the systems. The current relevance of this topic to the international community as a whole is key, as space becomes the next, if only virtual, theater of warfare.

The Forts of Celtic Britain: (Fortress 50) Half a millennium before the Romans first arrived in Britain, an even more ferocious people, the Celts, arrived in what is now south-eastern England. The Celts remained in Britain long after the Romans departed, and although driven into the remoter corners of the island by English invaders the people who remained clung onto their Celtic heritage, and defended their remaining lands against all-comers. In order to defend their lands from other tribes or outside invaders these people established powerful fortified sites that served as places of refuge in wartime and as administrative and trading centres in times of peace. This book examines these fascinating forts, which varied considerably from the mysterious brochs and duns found in northern Britain, to the hill-top forts ranging in size, to the promontory forts that formed powerful coastal strongholds all around the island's shores.

Indian Castles 1206-1526: The Rise and Fall of the Delhi Sultanate (Fortress 51) From the beginning of the 2nd millennium AD northern India began to fall under the sway of a number of Muslim-Turkic rulers who, at the start of the 13th century, founded the series of dynasties known to history as the Delhi Sultanate. For three centuries these sultans expanded their territory, which led to a dramatic rise in the number of fortifications throughout the subcontinent. This period is the defining age of the Indian castle and the combined influence of the Islamic and Hindu architectural tradition lends these fortifications a unique style. This book covers all the major sites of the period - including the fabled seven medieval cities on the site of the present-day city of Delhi.

Fortifications of the Incas
1200-1531
(Fortress 47)
The greatest period of Inca expansion occured during the reigns of Pachacuti (1438-71), Tupa Inca (1471-93), and Huayna Capac (1493-1527). From the mountain stronghold of Cuzco, they subjugated the surrounding kingdoms and territories, absorbing their civilizations and their peoples. By 1525, they dominated much of the west of the continent, relying on fortified strongholds, an extensive system of roads and bridges, and obligatory military service to control local populations. This title takes a detailed look at the development of Incan fortification techniques, and examines how they came to be overrun by the Spanish conquistadors.

American Coastal Defences 1885-1950: (Fortress 44): In the late-19th century, with the advances in technology and the increase in America's economic stature, a new round of fortification building began in the United States and its overseas territories. Locations such as Portland, Boston, New York, Baltimore, Charlestown, Savannah, Key West, Los Angeles and San Francisco were all extensively fortified. This book provides a concise introduction to the design, development and purpose of American coastal defenses in the "modern" era (1885-1950), a period defined by the use of concrete, steel, and powerful breech-loading rifles. It covers the emplacements, weaponry, equipment, and people that defended their country in times of great change and uncertainty.

German Defences in Italy in World War II (Fortress 45): In 1943, Hitler ordered his forces to occupy the Italian mainland to protect the Third Reich's 'soft underbelly'. After the successful Allied landings in Salerno, the Germans fought a series of hard, rearguard actions as the Allies slowly pushed north up the peninsula towards the Alps. These actions were based around the construction of a series of defensive lines, including: the Gustav Line, anchored on Monte Cassino, the Hitler Line, the Caesar Line, and the Gothic Line. This book explores the development and form of these defensive systems, examining the key fortifications in visual depth and discussing their fate in the wake of the Allied onslaught

Castles and Tower Houses of the Scottish Clans 1450-1650
(Fortress 46)
With the exception of the key royal sites, such as Stirling and Edinburgh, few Scottish castles were located at strategic points, or were intended to house garrisons required to defend or subjugate towns. Instead they were primarily fortified dwelling houses, erected in an environment of weak Royal authority and endemic feuding between rival clans and groups, in both Highland and Lowland areas. Although some enceinte castles were developed during the 16th and 17th centuries, most defensive construction focused on the tower house, a distinctive vernacular style of Scottish fortification. This book examines the design, development, and purpose of these quintessentially Scottish buildings, and also covers larger sites such as Urquhart and Blackness.

The Vauban Fortifications of France: Vauban was the foremost military engineer of France, not only during his lifetime, but also throughout the 18th century when his legacy and methods remained in place almost unchanged. Indeed, his expertise and experience in the construction, defence, and attack of fortresses is unrivalled by any of his contemporaries, of any nationality. In all three of those fields he was a significant innovator and prolific exponent, having planned approximately 160 major defensive projects and directed over 50 sieges. This book provides not only a modern listing of his varied interventions and their fates, but also a wide-ranging discussion of just how and why they pushed forward the international boundaries of the arts of fortification.

Roman Legionary Fortresses 27BC-AD378: From the reign of Augustus (27 BC-AD 14) onwards the Roman Army became a standing force with permanent fortresses distributed throughout the empire. These fortresses developed from the temporary fortifications of the legions on campaign into temporary wooden structures, before finally becoming more elaborate stone fortifications designed to stand the test of time. This book describes the development, design and construction of these fortresses throughout the length and breadth of the Empire. It also deals extensively with the experience of life within a typical fortress and covers the operational history of these fortifications throughout the whole of the imperial period

Following the discovery of America by Columbus in 1492, European colonists brought their system of fortification to the New World in an attempt to ensure their safety and consolidate their conquests. French and British explorers came later to North America, and thus the establishment of their sizeable permanent settlements only got under way during the 17th century. The inhabitants of New France built elaborate fortifications to protect their growing towns and cities. This book provides a detailed examination of the defenses of four of them: the three largest fortified cities in Canada - Québec, Montréal and Louisbourg - and New Orleans in Louisiana.

NORMAN STONE CASTLES (2) 950-1204

Following thier settlement in the north of France, the Normans saught to consolidate thier territorial gains in what was to become known as Normandy. They did this by building a series of castles and fortifications. This book discusses the Norman castles in Normandy, as well as the Mediterranean.

BRITAIN'S AIR DEFENCES 1939ò45

This book shows how Britain prepared for air raids in the run up to the war and details all the tactics that were developed during the war to counter the many aerial attacks. Among the defense systems included are anti-aircraft guns, barrage balloons, and the Meacon system.

TROY 1800-1250 BC In all the stories told by mankind and recorded through its history, the tale of the siege of Troy is perhaps the greatest secular story ever recounted. This book reveals the literary, historical, and archaeological records which make up the background to the tale of Troy and describes in detail the fortifications of Troy VI (i.e. Homer's Troy) and their correlation to other Bronze Age defence works in the Near East. Scheduled to ship in January 2004.

GERMANY"S WEST WALL The West Wall played a crucial role in the bitter fighting of 1944-45 in North-West Europe, initially blunting the US attack, and using it as a foundation to launch' Hitless Ardennes Offensive. This title takes a detailed look at the development and form of this key fortification, examining the principles of its defence in visual depth, and discussing its fate in the wake of the Allied onslaught. Scheduled to ship in January 2004.

FORTIFICATIONS OF MALTA 1530-1945 The Island of Malta occupies a pivotal position in the Mediterranean, forming an outpost between North Africa and the soft underbelly of Europe. This book examines the unique styles of Malta fortifications from the 1 6th to the 20th centuries. Scheduled to ship in January 2004.

Fortress

Saracen Strongholds AD 630-1050 The Middle East and Central Asia (Fortress 76: The Islamic world drew upon a myriad of pre-existing styles of fortification, taking Romano-Byzantine, Indian and Chinese ideas to create a highly effective and sophisticated hybrid fortification that was both new and distinctive. This book examines early Saracen fortifications, covering their historical background, socio-political circumstances, and their role in protecting industry, trade and the frontiers of the Islamic world. From the mayyad 'castles in the desert' of Jordan and Syria to the 'Round City of Baghdad' and the great gates of Cairo, this book provides an insight into the majesty of the Saracen forts, illustrated with specially commissioned artwork and cutaways, together with photographs of period engravings and images of the sites today.

Forts of the American Frontier 1820-91 Central and Northern Plains (Fortress 28): A major period of westward expansion took place in the United States during the first half of the 19th century. Fur trading, the coast-to-coast railroad, the California gold rush and the removal of Native American tribes both facilitated and encouraged America's "manifest destiny" to become a transcontinental nation. The task of protecting the settlers from the tribes that inhabited the Great Plains fell to the US Army, and to do this an extensive network of permanent forts was created via construction and acquisition. This title examines why the forts were built, as well as their design, defensive features and the role they played in the settlement of the American West. The daily lives of the garrison soldiers and fort inhabitants are also covered, together with the fighting witnessed at key sites.

Fortifications of the Western Front 1914-1918: Following the early battles of 1914 along the Marne and in the Ypres salient, World War I rapidly changed from a war of movement into one of attrition, with the opposing sides entrenching themselves in a line of fortified positions from the Flanders coastline to the Swiss border. This volume details the different styles of fortification used on the Western Front throughout the course of the war, from the early ditches of 1914 to the complicated systems of 1918. It explains the development of the 'defence in depth' German system and the British reaction to it, as well as illustrating the importance of the pre-war forts, particularly around Verdun.

German Field Fortifications of WWII: The German Army of World War II considered itself an offensive, mobile force. The experiences in the trenches in World War I had done much to shape its concept of field fortification, and its mobile warfare ethos was intended to prevent the previous war's stalemate. This book addresses frontline defensive field fortifications, built by infantrymen using local materials, and includes rifle platoon positions, trenches, crew-served weapon positions, bunkers, dugouts, shelters and more. It also covers anti-tank and anti-personnel obstacles, as well as field camouflage methods and construction methods. The integration of these positions into permanent systems and theatre-specific defences are also discussed.

Norman Stone Castles (1): The Normans were some of the most feared warriors of the High Medieval period, building on their warlike reputation throughout the following centuries. This culminated in their conquest of England under Duke William I. In order to consolidate his position, William built a series of fortifications around the country. This book covers all these developments from the early days of William I through to the fortifications of Henry II, Richard I, and John.

Fortifications In Wessex 800-1016: The defense of the 9th-century kingdom of Wessex under King Alfred the Great against the 'Great Viking Army' is one of the major military achievements of early medieval history. King Alfred's definitive physical achievement was a series of some 30 well-structured fortifications across the kingdom. This title traces the development, construction, and impact of these fortifications from the 9th to the 11th centuries AD.

Fortresses Of The Peninsular War: The major fortresses of the Iberian peninsular controlled the most important routes in and out of the country. This title examines these fortifications, their design, development, and strategic importance.

The Maginot Line: The Maginot Line, the massive series of fortifications built by France in the 1930s to defend its borders with Germany and Italy, is perhaps the most maligned collection of fortifications ever built. Packed with plans, contemporary and modern images, plus digital artwork, this volume presents a detailed visual exploration of this famous fortification system.

English Civil War Fortifications: This title describes how both the Parliamentarians and the Royalists made use of new fortification techniques throughout the course of the English Civil War

JAPANESE PACIFIC ISLAND DEFENSES 1941-45: The prolonged and bloody fighting for control of the Japanese occupied Pacific islands in World War II is a key point in 20th-century warfare. This title provides a detailed and authoritative examination of the establishment, construction, and effectiveness of Japanese temporary and semipermanent crew-served weapons positions and individual and small-unit fighting positions. Integrated obstacles, minefields, camouflage, and the changing defensive principles are also covered in this packed treatment.

AMERICAN DEFENSES OF CORREGIDOR AND MANILA BAY 1898-1945: The Philippines were declared an American Territory on January 4, 1899, and fortification construction began soon after on the islands in the mouth of Manila Bay. Among the sites built were Fort Mills (Corregidor), Fort Frank, and the unique and formidable "concrete battleship" of Fort Drum. This title brings to life the fortifications of this key strategic location, and considers both their effectiveness and historical importance.

HADRIAN'S WALL AD 122-410: Hadrian's Wall is the most important monument built by the Romans in Britain. It is the best known frontier in the entire Roman Empire and stands as a reminder of past glories of one of the world's greatest civilizations. This title details the design development and construction of the wall and covers the everyday lives of those who manned it as well as the assaults it withstood.